Bertha Parker's Big Find

A dozen explorers set up camp near Gypsum Cave in January 1930. They were searching the cave system near Las Vegas, Nevada, for evidence of what lived there thousands of years ago. Bones, fossils, and artifacts are often preserved in caves. This is because of caves’ stable environment.

Each day, the explorers searched the cave for signs of ancient life. Over several weeks, they found preserved animal droppings, bones, and bits of human-made tools. Back at camp, the crew’s secretary organized the findings. She was a young Native American woman of Abenaki (a-buh-NAH-kee) and Seneca ancestry named Bertha Parker.

A dozen explorers set up camp in January 1930. They were just outside Gypsum Cave near Las Vegas, Nevada. They planned to search the cave system. They wanted to learn what lived there thousands of years ago. Bones, fossils, and artifacts are often preserved in caves. That’s because caves’ environments don’t change much over time.

The explorers searched the cave for several weeks. They looked for signs of ancient life. They found preserved animal droppings and bones. They also found bits of tools made by humans. The crew’s secretary organized the findings back at camp. Her name was Bertha Parker. She was a young Native American woman. She was of Abenaki (a-buh-NAH-kee) and Seneca ancestry.

Parker didn’t study archaeology in school. In the early 1900s, most professional archaeologists, like Harrington, were White men. Women, especially Native American women, faced barriers to education. Archaeologists sometimes hired Native Americans to join them on expeditions. But they were hired mainly to dig trenches or to share information about their culture.

Parker didn’t study archaeology in school. Most archaeologists in the early 1900s were White men like Harrington. Women faced barriers to education. Native American women faced even more. Archaeologists sometimes hired Native Americans for digs. But they were hired mainly to dig trenches. Or they shared information about their culture.

After finding the unusual skull in Gypsum Cave, Parker took it back to camp. Months later, scientists determined that it belonged to a giant ground sloth. This grass-eating animal was the size of a brown bear. It was one of many animals that lived during Earth’s last ice age, a colder time period (see Ice Age Giants). The sloth went extinct about 10,000 years ago.

Scientists had uncovered giant ground sloth bones before. So what made this discovery important? Parker found the sloth skull at the same depth in the cave where human-made tools were discovered. “In archaeology, items in the same layer of sediment are likely to be from the same time period,” says Desireé Reneé Martinez. She’s an archaeologist and member of the Gabrielino-Tongva community. Parker’s finding suggested that humans lived in North America at the same time as giant ground sloths. This was new information in the 1930s.

By the 1800s, scientists already thought that humans arrived in North America over a land bridge that once connected the continent to Asia (see Humans on the Move). But scientists weren’t sure when humans first came to North America. Parker’s discovery helped show that humans were on the continent more than 10,000 years ago. That was much earlier than what many people thought at the time.

Parker took the unusual skull she found in Gypsum Cave back to camp. It had belonged to a giant ground sloth. That was a grass-eating animal the size of a brown bear. The sloth lived during Earth’s last ice age, a colder time period (see Ice Age Giants). Giant ground sloths died out about 10,000 years ago. 

Scientists had found giant ground sloth bones before. So what made this one important? Parker found the sloth skull in the same layer of dirt as human-made tools. “In archaeology, items in the same layer of sediment are likely to be from the same time period,” says Desireé Reneé Martinez. She’s an archaeologist. She’s also a member of the Gabrielino-Tongva community. Parker’s finding suggested something. Humans likely lived in North America at the same time as giant ground sloths. This was new information in the 1930s. 

Scientists already thought humans arrived in North America over a land bridge. It once connected the continent to Asia (see Humans on the Move). But scientists weren’t sure when humans first crossed the bridge. Parker’s discovery helped show that humans were on the continent more than 10,000 years ago. That was much earlier than what many people thought at the time.